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FACTORES METALURGICOS QUE INCIDEN SOBRE EL COMPORTAMIENTO A LA FATIGA DE LOS ACEROS CEMENTADOS

JANUARY 1978   -  Volume: 53 -  Pages: 43-52

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Received Date :   1 February 1978


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Article type:
ARTICULO DE INVESTIGACION / RESEARCH ARTICLE
Section:
VARIOUS

Si en algo coinciden t o d a s las teorías s u r g i d a s p a r a explicar el m e c a n i s m o de la fatiga (1), es en c o n s i d e r a r l a c o m o u n fen ó m e n o que. se desarrolla d e n t r o del c a m p o plástico del m a terial, si bien en zonas localizadas m u y r e s t r i n g i d a s , y a q u e a u n c u a n d o el esfuerzo apli a d o sea inferior al límite elásticidad del m a t e r i al e n su c o nju t o su propia h e t e r o g e n e i d a d — c o nsecuencia de su e l a b o r a c i ó n , t r ata m i e n t o o m e c a n i z a d o — p u ede d a r l u g a r a c i e r t a localizacion del esfuerzo, a u m e n t á ndolo y h a c i é n d o l o e n ese p u n t o superior al l í m i t e elástico y, por c o n s i g u i e n t e , p r o v o c a n d o su d e f o r m a c i ó n . T a l d e f o r m ación lleva, a su vez, consigo u n desplazamiento de las dislocacio n e s (2), con coalescencia parc i a l de las m i s m a s , la cual no d e s a p a r e c e r á a u n c u a n d o el fuerzo a p l i c a d o sea de signo contratio. Al a u m e n t a r el n ú m e r o de dislocaciones del esfuerzo, aparecerán n u e v a s dislocaciones, hasta u n m á x i m o q u e será a q u é l para el cual h a y a n coalescido t o d a s las dislocaciones q u e el esfuerzo en c u e s t i ó n es c a p a z de desplazar. P o r o t r a p a r t e , esta a c u m u l a c i ó n de dislocaciones act ú a c o n c e n t r a n d o a ú n m á s los esfuerzos, p o r lo q u e si la cap a c i d a d de consolidación del m a t e r i a l es insuficiente, este p u n t o será el origen de u n a fisura q u e se p r o p a g a r á p o s t er i o r m e n t e a t r a v é s de las zon a s de m a y o r d e n s i d a d de desliz a m i e n t o (3). El perjuicio es, e n t o n c e s , i r r e p a r a b l e , q u e d a n do el m a t e r i a l f a t a l m e n t e d añ a d o y s o b r e v i n i e n d o , después, su r o t u r a .

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