REVISTA DYNA MANAGEMENT

These means, some of which at the beginning of the 21st century were still in their infancy, even technologically, are now in full development and are expected to provide the basis for investment and industrial employment in the future.
In its forecasts, the IEA estimates that, by 2030, the value of the equipment produced in this field will triple the current value and the number of jobs will have doubled. With initial doubts about the consideration of nuclear fission generation as "green", there is no doubt that the world energy situation has created a crucial moment for the transition to clean energies, and the decisions of each country to become part of the supply chains for such equipment will mark its industrial future.
The report presents the state of these supply chains, including the mining and processing of materials such as lithium, copper, nickel, cobalt, etc., as well as the technology and manufacturing of key equipment. There are potentially risky concentration levels for both the manufacture of these materials and the technologies that use them.
China currently dominates the manufacturing and market for most clean energy technologies, and has been the biggest driver of price declines in all of them. In terms of materials, the Democratic Republic of Congo alone produces 70% of the world's cobalt ore and just three countries account for more than 90% of the world's lithium production. But it is China that processes most of these ores into usable products and makes their costs highly vulnerable to incidents and political choices. In the case of generation equipment manufacturing technologies, such as wind turbines, solar panels, heat pumps, batteries or electrolyzers, three countries together account for more than 70% of the world's manufacturing capacity, with China again as the largest of them.
Many countries have begun to invest heavily in the creation of industrial plants to manufacture the means to obtain clean energy. This is going to be the most important industrial base of their near future: any delay in making decisions in this regard may leave them out of that market.